It would be to cherry-pick the verse that fits into ones doctrine. In this theology, the Father embodies the divine attributes of the godhead and the Son embodies the human aspects. 32 To illustrate their arguments against Oneness groups, the following quotes from a book on cults by Bruce Tucker, an evangelical author, are SeeWas the Trinity Conceived in the 4th Century? Privacy Policy & Copyright Notice. The reason that I am doing that is because Oneness Pentecostalism is often not understood by trinitarian Christians. Reviewed in the United Kingdom on August 17, 2020. Oneness Pentecostal churches are, therefore, cultic in nature and outside the theological parameters of historic Christianity. Col. 1:15) who brings out, that is, exegetes the Father: He [Jesus] has made known or brought news of (the invisible God) (Bauer, 2000: 349). Isa. Bishop Thomas Dexter "T.D." Jakes (born in 1957) is a popular black preacher and evangelist who is the main pastor of The Potter's House church in Dallas, Texas (founded in 1996), with a congregation of over thirty thousand members. The above example is typical of Questions Oneness Pentecostals Don't ask. He comes from a United Pentecostal, or Oneness Pentecostal, background. Hence When Jesus said, He who has seen Me has seen the Father, the only thing His disciples literally saw was Jesus physical body. Why did I do this? 2:7, the participle labn,(taking as in taking the nature of a servant) is a participle of means (cf. So there are good reasons to think that the disciples were not concerned with the words that were recited but with the power and authority of the Trinity. 1:20-21). But in verse 5, he says that he wishes everybody spoke in tongues, indicating that everybody does not speak in tongues. Grammatically, when the preposition para (with) is followed by the dative case (as in this verse: para seaut, para soi), especially in reference to persons, it indicates near, beside, or in the presence of.. The participle describes the means or manner of the emptying. Nonetheless, historic Christianity maintains that the doctrine of the Trinity (or tri-unity of God) is taught in Scripture. Exegetically, it cannot refer to the Father thinking of the Son or having the Son in view or in His mind, for Jesus uses the imperfect tense [eichon, *had*), which shows that the Son had or possessed it, not in the Fathers mind. 2:8-9; Titus 3:5). 1. Suppose that modalism is true about the Son. 45:6-7; Hos. Copyright 1979, 1980, 1982, Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. Today scholars estimate there are between 1.5 and 5 million Oneness Pentecostals worldwide, and they make up . . Primarily, KJV Onlyists and anti-Trinitarian groups (esp. In speaking of the coming of the Holy Spirit, Jesus tells them, I will come to you. Is this not a clear identification of the Holy Spirit with himself? Matthew 28:19 and Acts 2:38 Repent, and each of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. . You're listening to a sample of the Audible audio edition. I also could see many of the arguments used against Praxeas by Tertullian . In spite of the (unclear) origins, the Triquetra has a rich meaning that has been used by the early church to signify the Trinity. Acquire a basic knowledge of Oneness Pentecostals beliefs and practices. Reviewed in the United States on February 6, 2021. It is enough for the disciples to see Jesus because they share a divine essence. What's the best argument against oneness Pentecostals, people who believe Jesus is the father, son and Holy Spirit? Top subscription boxes right to your door, 1996-2023, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates, Eligible for Return, Refund or Replacement within 30 days of receipt, Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon. II. Additionally, the repetition of the preposition distinguishes the Father and the Son as two distinct self-aware Subjects (e.g., 1 John 1:3). 2. Description: While most Pentecostals are orthodox, there is a segment within this movement of "Oneness" or "Jesus-Only" Pentecostals who are not. What Michael Burgos Jr. has produced in Against Oneness Pentecostalism is a helpful book for pastors or churchmen needing a polemical approach against the anti-Trinitarians embedded in our communities and occasionally, our churches. Mark 16:17: These signs will accompany those who have believed: in My name they will speak with new tongues If he and the Father are one, does that necessarily mean that he is the Father? What does it mean, then? They refer first of all to the biblical passages that speak of this baptism, namely, John the Baptist's words about the work of Christ, Matthew 3:11 (cf. sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven" (Matthew 26:64). He says in verse 14 that he will ask the Father, and the Father will send the Holy Spirit. The Hidden Cult of Oneness Pentecostalism. They are manifestations that one God takes on, sometimes simultaneously. Thus, because God is tri-personal He can be described as both Maker and Makers and as Creator and Creators. He is one Being, not one persona point that is repeatedly brought to bear by the OT authors. The Son is and has been eternally subsisting as the perfect and exact representation (charaktr) of the very nature (hupostases) of Him (autou, of Him, not as Him; Heb. distinguished fr. And those (like yourself) who object (due to a mass of misinformation) to the Trinitarian symbol, since they do not have a problem with pagan-origins calendars in their homes, do they have a problem with the Apostle Pauls quotations of pagans writers to make a biblical pointnamely, Epimenides of Crete in Titus 1:12 and Acts 17:28 (referring to Zeus); Aratus of Cilicia in Acts 17:28 (also referring to Zeus); and Menander in 1 Cor. All modern writings or revelations must be analyzed in light of sound principles of biblical interpretation. So, if you are going to mount an argument on the basis of Mark 16:17 for the necessity of tongues, you would have to mount an argument for the necessity of resisting a snake bite. 12:11; Eph. 1:21-22; 13:14; 1 Pet. Oneness Pentecostalism, or Jesus-only teaching, is a modern recycling of the old Sabellianism and modalism of ages past. And when did the Son have this glory? 3:11; 1 John 1:3; 2:22-23; Rev. So, you appeal to v. 9, to assume Jesus is the person of the Father, but a verses later (v. 23), Jesus clearly affirms His deity as Son in distinction from the Father: Jesus answered and said to him, If anyone loves Me, he will keep My word; and MY FATHER will love him, and pros auton eleusometha [to him WE will come] and monn par autw poisometha [at home with him, WE will Make].. There is no grammatical way to disconnect tongues from the rest of the elements of that list. Answer: Before time. that that calendar in your office and/or house and/or in the rooms of your children, are filled with symbols of pagan gods (all days and names of months were named after pagan gods). 4:4-5; Eph. , Dimensions NOTE: the answers provided to the questions below are a simple and quick guide for the interested person wishing to compare Oneness theology with Trinitarian theology. The Contender for the Faith (COLJF) During the Last Supper, the disciples were distraught. The triquetra symbol has been found in Norwegian churches dating to the 11th century. But its actual origins are unknown. , Language We now consider and refute all Pentecostal Objections to the fact that the Bible teaches spiritual gifts ceased at the end of the apostolic age around 100AD Conclusion Summary: No longer any need for gifts: Apostles have been led into all truth: Jn 16:13 + Jude 3 The Bible has been written and confirmed to be inspired Christian Outlook (PAW), AOHCG: Berean Christian Bible College-Birmingham, Ala. 7:9-14; John 1:1, 18; 6:37-39, 44; 14:23; 17:5; 2 John 1:3; 2:22; Heb. This is the greatest weakness of the Oneness position: For if the Son created, then, He eternally existed with the Father. After all, in John 17:11, the text says that the disciples are one in the same way that Jesus and the Father are one. They maintain that the only real person in the Godhead is Jesus. It is an attempt to get around what the text is saying so that their doctrine will prevail. . While pastors generally understand apologetics, we often misunderstand the apologist. But that position seems untenable. If the Son has not eternally existed with (personally distinct from) the Father why then is the Son presented as the agent of creation, that is, the Creator Himself? Zen is the ultimate self-help because it helps you see that the self does not exist. Also, when Jesus prayed, it was His human nature praying to His divine nature-not to a separate Father in heaven. Is there any practical difference at all? He doesnt fully understand the Christology or Godhead. Further, the idiom in the name of does not always refer to a reciting of the name. 6. Check out John 14:8-9, Philip said, Show us the Father and that will be enough. Jesus said to him, Have I been with you such a long time, and yet you have not known Me Philip? Good works and holy living are the natural responses of salvation already received-not its cause (see Eph. Follow authors to get new release updates, plus improved recommendations. John 14:9: He who has seen Me has seen the Father. Share your personal testimony of Gods grace and your faith in Jesus Christ as your personal Lord and Savior. Biblical Response: Salvation is by grace through faith in Jesus Christ alone (see Rom. However, to early Christians (and many today), the triquetra symbolized the Trinity (one God, three persons). Many, however, utilize only the King James Version to proof text their unique doctrines. They take this to indicate that Jesus is the Father. Brother Burgos carefully and respectfully dismantles the misguided half truths of Oneness doctrine. Does this not seem to vindicate Oneness theology? Jesus is a perfect representation of the person of the Father. However, this seems to be far too simplistic of a reading. 3. Please try again. There is one God who is eternally present in three persons, and his name is YHWH. A Definitive Look at Oneness Theology: In the Light of Biblical Trinitarianism, Christianity without the Cross: A History of Salvation in Oneness Pentecostalism, In Jesus Name - The History and Beliefs of Oneness Penecostals, C.H. Oneness Pentecostalism constitutes one of the world's largest non-trinitarian expressions of Christianity. In 1913, one popular teacher, R.E. UPCI: Apostolic Bible Institute-St. Paul, Minn. There was a problem loading your book clubs. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we dont use a simple average. In 1906, the Pentecostal experience of speaking in tongues burst on the scene during a revival in an African-American Baptist church on Azuza Street in Los Angeles, Calif. If Oneness doctrine (or Modalism) is the so-called doctrine of the apostles, then, why was it universally condemned as *heretical* by the early church Fathers (some of who were disciples of the original apostles) and condemned by all the important church councils and creeds? His will is one with the will of the Father. John 10:30: I and the Father are one. Acts 2:38 must be read in context and in light of Jesus clear command in Matthew 28:19. 6 For God does not share His glory with no one (cf. Well, first, you need to be baptized with the baptismal formula, In the name of Jesus. They will re-baptize you if you were baptized In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Second, you will need to receive the Holy Spirit with evidence of speaking in tongues. Both of these are essential ingredients to salvation. John 9:39) the invisible Father (cf. Biblical Response: The Bible is the inspired, inerrant, and infallible Word of God (see 2 Tim. The Bible Way News Voice (Bible Way) It is noticeably absent. The Trinitarians won the majority and a "Statement of Fundamental Truths" was adopted that affirmed the Trinity. AGAINST ONENESS PENTECOSTALISM. [{"displayPrice":"$24.99","priceAmount":24.99,"currencySymbol":"$","integerValue":"24","decimalSeparator":".","fractionalValue":"99","symbolPosition":"left","hasSpace":false,"showFractionalPartIfEmpty":true,"offerListingId":"MxOZDAU1BM3oO3G4F%2BCtYP9qq0KgtF35LSLxTDj%2FZkLKjLEWTC2zoYxG%2BjsG5GdXQmEMn%2FvxuhpKGOvcBcFOdka0PXEu6xoyQMfBfOKUEILpCC90qFvRcgkCAwt3TFW6ij0eD4l%2BfdSw6ayv8kPjlg%3D%3D","locale":"en-US","buyingOptionType":"NEW"}]. For an expanded exegetical refutation of Oneness unitarian theology see Oneness Theology (Modalism). For if Jesus is the Father, then, between whom would He Mediate since by definition a mediator/intercessor represents two distinct parties, other than Himself. This item can be returned in its original condition for a full refund or replacement within 30 days of receipt. 7. Oneness Pentecostals take issue with the Trinity doctrine chiefly for its use of the term "person." The Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God. so thre argument of development for the trinity is weak if it is already being defemnded in the church in different locations. Better books written by an ex UPC theologian, Reviewed in the United States on December 13, 2018. I always say at the onset to one like yourself, who make the incorrect uninformed assertion regarding the triquetra symbol being derived from Wicca, paganism, etc. . How would you be able to tell the difference? For example, the Assemblies of God, the largest Pentecostal denomination in the world, has 16 Fundamental Truths. Unless you are going to say that Jesus only had one disciple, I do not think this can be used as a proof-text for Oneness theology. Atlanta: Atlanta Christian Apologetics Project, 1994. to the one sittingthe Father]) and the Lamb (kai t arnithe Son) are grammatically differentiated by the repeated article t (the), which precedes both nouns and are connected by the one conjunction kai (and). He had never heard anything of being born of water. Recently, a few evangelicals have tried to label Oneness Pentecostal churches as cultic. Skylar McManus shares about being raised Oneness Pentecostal and moving from Oneness to Orthodoxy. 8. Many trinitarians, unfortunately, have never heard of these arguments before. Behind this question lay a criticism of the commonly-held Trinitarian Pentecostal argument that the name of Jesus in baptismal texts from . Following these beginnings, Pentecostal preachers and churches spread rapidly coalescing into various denominations and factions. As we read through the New Testament, we will encounter what boggled on Why Calvinists And Catholics Share The Nicene Faith, on Why Charismatics Should Cut Glossolalia (Tongues) Out of Their Theology, on Why Christians Should Empty Themselves of Kenotic Christology, The Shortcoming of Christian Apologetics From An Apologist. Thus, they are often referred to as the Jesus Only Movement. It is never used apart from God's incarnation, however; it never refers to deity Therefore, we may conclude that Deuteronomy 6:4 and the multiple proof-texts for monotheism do not represent a good argument against the trinity. : 7. Oneness/Jesus-only proponents will often say that this is a new revelation that came sometime during or after the Azusa Street Revival of 1906, which is generally regarded to be the birth of modern Pentecostalism. The Pentecostalism Controversy This study was published by the Central Bureau Press, 3835 Westminster Place, St. Louis, MO 63108, in 1973 with the Imprimatur of the Most Rev. ' Note the first person plural verbs (eleusometha, We will come, and poisometha, We will make). Does the long ending of Mark vindicate the Oneness Pentecostal position about speaking in tongues? the subject who is speaking or who is logically understood. 14 and Johns theology. The name of the Holy Spirit is Jesus. The *Son* said that He possessed (note the imperfect of ech) the glory WITH (para, in the presence of) the Father (not in the Fathers mind, for eh Son had it). The Holy Spirit is not regarded as a person at all, merely a manifestation of Jesus power or a synonym for Him. Book of Kells was an exemplified manuscript book in Latin containing all four Gospels together with various prefatory texts contained also figures of triquetras. Edited by Daniel G. Reid. Details; Description; Forty times in Johns Gospel, Jesus refers to himself as sent by the Father, but never does he refer to himself as the Father who sent the Son, Further, Isaiah 9:6, is no help for Oneness advocates trying to prove Jesus is the Father- See Isaiah 9:6: Oneness Refuted, 1. 5:13).As NT scholar Harold Greenly points out, When the article is used before each member, each is to be considered separately (Greenlee, Exegetical Grammar, 23). [1] Glen Davidson, Questions Oneness Pentecostals Don . These are great questions and wonderful references. Michael Burgos builds upon his book "Kiss the Son" and provides an almost exhaustive study, and refutation, of the Oneness (Jesus Only) movement. Oneness author W. L. Vincent writes "The argument against the "Son being his own Father" is a red herring. However, the Oneness Pentecostal could grant that it is not really Scripture. They are Acts 2:4, 10:44-46, and 19:6. 5:13 et al. To avoid the plainness of the passage (namely, the preexistence of the Son and His personal distinction from His Father), Oneness teachers argue that the glory that Jesus (the Son) had with the Father, only signified the future glory or plan in the Fathers mind, thus anticipating the Sons coming at Bethlehem. 8. But these do suffice in showing that the Bible affirms that God is triune, and militates against Oneness unitarianism. In conclusion, the Triquetra has been used historically by all kinds of groups to mean different things. They will see that because he lives (he was raised from the dead), they too will live (be raised from the dead). Oneness theology is the doctrine that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are not distinct persons. However, some advocates of Oneness Pentecostalism have responded to this point. 2021 North American Mission Board, SBC. Specifically, in John 1:3;1 Corinthians 8:6; Colossians 1:16; Hebrews 1:2 and 2:10, the Greek preposition dia (though) is followed by a pronoun (autou, Him)in the *genitive* case (or possessive case). He argues throughout for . Thus Saith Putin: Christianity Invaded by the Religious Right, Church Is Not Seminary: Why Young Theologically-Informed 20-Somethings Should Manage Their Expectations of Their Pastors, Why Jesus looked and acted like me, not you, Minimizing The Maximally Great Argument For Arminianism, How apologetics bloggers caused the downfall of the United States, Why Christians should apologize for using apologetics, Why apologetics is not necessary to evangelism, Something Greater Than The Crucifixion Is Here: How Jesus Shocked The Pharisees, Social Issues, Politics & Biblical Ethics. Oneness Pentecostals honestly believe that their view of the Godhead is the true doctrine . 1986 Oneness Symposium Tape 7- "UPCI: Christian or a Cult?" Robert Sabin Watch on If God is unitarian, why is it that there are so many places in the Bible where the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are clearly distinguished from each other in the same verse? But standing by the cross [para t staur] of Jesus were His mother, and His mothers sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene.. Pentecostalism is a Spirit-emphasizing movement that is characterized by several unique doctrines and practices, including baptism in the Spirit for Christians after conversion, speaking in tongues as evidence of that Spirit-baptism, and the exercise of all the spiritual gifts. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! Focus the discussion on the essential elements of the Christian faith. How is that clear at all? Assemblies of the Lord Jesus, Inc. (ALJI)-50,000 John 3:5 does not explicitly say that one must be water baptized before entering the kingdom. They believe that God is ONE and not one in three persons. Matthew 28:19 includes the marching orders for Christians. Revelation 2:13: I know where you dwell, where Satans throne is; and you hold fast My name, and did not deny My faith even in the days of Antipas, My witness, My faithful one, who was killed among you [par humin], where Satan dwells (cf. 3:17; 17:5; John 3:35; 5:20; 2 Pet. Virtually all Oneness churches reject that water baptism should be done in the *triune* formal as instructed by Jesus in Matthew 28:19, rather, as they insist, it should be dome in the name of Jesus only. In this piece he critically interacts with the following argument of mine ( from this blog post ). Against Oneness Pentecostalism: An Exegetical-Theological Critique. Hence, the Son emptied Himself by means of His incarnation (cf. The Oneness Pentecostal may try to convince you that you need to speak in tongues, be baptized in Jesus name, and live according to their strict moral code. 32 Jesus then said to them, Truly, truly, I say to you, it is not Moses who has given you the bread ek tou ouranou, but it is My Father who gives you the true bread ek tou ouranou. 4200 North Point Pkwy, Alpharetta, GA 30022, Employment Media & Public Relations NAMB Store. Note the context indicating that the Father sent the person of the Son. 13:14; also cf. 2 Cor. Also, only that the Son was God can He God make this request/command to the Father, not mere man. 6. But again Only by removing this passage from the document and immediate context can Oneness teachers posit a modalistic Oneness understanding. . If Oneness Pentecostalism is true, how do we avoid the absurd image of Jesus asking himself permission and then sending himself? This movement first emerged in America around 1914 as the result of doctrinal disputes within the nascent Pentecostal movement and claims . Just as they often say that God is one, Jesus also says that he and the Father are one. There are tongues for edification (this one is necessary for salvation) and the gift of tongues (this one is not necessary for salvation). The Son said that He *HAD* glory *before* timewith (para) the Father. Well, Oneness Pentecostalism has a lot of subtleties. The block of Oneness ministers present urged against such a move but was overruled. Its headquarters and publishing firm, the Pentecostal Publishing House, is located at 8855 Dunn Road, Hazelwood, MO 63042. This is an important text for Oneness Pentecostals because it seems to use parlance that they are familiar with. The PAW formed in 1918, but split along racial lines in 1924. , ISBN-13 7. 51: I am the living bread that came down ek tou ouranou, 58: This is the bread which came down ex ouranou; not as the fathers ate and died; he who eats this bread will live forever.. Oneness folks like yourself typically cherry-pick passages (esp. In many debates and particularly in his book The Oneness of God, Dr. David K. Bernard argued that the declarations in the Old Testament are so powerful that they dismiss any conception of plurality within the Godhead. He claims the symbol used by trinitarians is demonic. With scholarly precision, Michael Burgos has provided an incisive evaluation of Oneness exegesis and theology while accurately representing the teachings of Oneness Pentecostals. As marked out below, Jesus also differentiates Himself from God the Holy Spirit. Answering A Few Common Oneness Pentecostal Arguments. On that first day, something looking like split tongues of fire fell from the sky onto the followers of Jesus. Modalism is the belief that one God existed in time in three distinct modes of being: first as the Father in heaven; second, bodily as the Son on earth; and finally as the Holy Spirit. In response, Oneness Pentecostals will tell us that there are different kinds of tongues. Further, the Father is spirit. How Can a Pastor Stay Engaged in Apologetics? Noted Greek grammarian, A. T. Robertson says of the passage that This is not just ideal pre-existence, but actual and conscious existence at the Fathers side (para soi, with thee) which I had (h eichon, imperfect active of ech. Against Oneness Pentecostalism: An Exegetical-Theological Critique Michael R. Burgos 16 Paperback 1 offer from $24.99 Christianity without the Cross: A History of Salvation in Oneness Pentecostalism Thomas A. Fudge 51 Paperback 16 offers from $22.99 1:2). Further, the triquetra has been found on Indian heritage sites that are over 5,000 years old; found on carved stones in Northern Europe dating from A.D. 8th cent. The Pattern In The Book of Acts Establishes Our Doctrine After that time, a number of oneness sects formed, most of which were predominately African-American. Hence, it is God the Son who is the very image of the invisible Father (cf. Where in the Scripture does it say that God is unitarian? It may be that is the name under which we are baptized. In John 4:14, talking to the woman at the well, Jesus said, the water I give them will become in them a spring of water welling up to eternal life. In John 7:38, Jesus referred to Rivers of living water. This is a theme throughout the book of John. 1 Tim. They were strongly rejected by the denominations council that year, and the AOG adopted a strong trinitarian stance in its statement of faith. This is agreed by recognized Greek Grammars and recognized Lexicons of the NT such as BDAG, 757. Shipping cost, delivery date, and order total (including tax) shown at checkout. [2] Cf. What arguments do they use to support this proposition? The assumption that Jesus is never referred to as the Father is incorrect. Deuteronomy 6:4: Hear, O Israel! with v. 9) out and then pretext into them a modalistic understandingwe call this eisegesis. Well, first, most Christians will point out that this verse is part of the long ending of Mark, and therefore it is not Scripture. He who has seen Me has seen the Father. If you read on, however Jesus goes on to say, The Father is greater than I. clearly establishing the Trinitarian concept. As a former Oneness Pentecostal (OP), Boyd was especially equipped to accurately describe Oneness beliefs about God and their arguments against the Trinity, and as a trained philosopher/theologian he was especially equipped to refute such views. Well, in verse 18, Jesus is talking about the resurrection. Encyclopedia of American Religions. United Pentecostal Church International (UPCI)-500,000 (1.5 million worldwide), Other Designations: Jesus Only churches; Apostolic Pentecostals; The Oneness Movement; The Jesus Name Movement, Pentecostal Herald (UPCI) ", ASIN But the Son, they say, was not really there with the Father before the world was. However, consider the following: First, note that the glory that the *Son* said that He possessed or shared (eichon) was when? Have a clear understanding of your faith and the Bible. Nevertheless, they are the same person, not two separate persons. The term *with* is para in Greek. Tate Reeves did in late August. See what Christian leaders are saying about Against Oneness Pentecostalism: "Michael Burgos has produced a brilliant blend of systematic theology and biblical exegesis with a detailed and thorough discussion of the main passages at the center of the dispute between Oneness Pentecostalism and traditional trinitarianism. also John 4:40; 14:17, 25). Thanks! There are many more biblical objections that could be mentioned. For the Son of Man in Oneness theology was not the Father, but the human Son who emerged not until Bethlehem, but here, the Son of Man came from heaven, that is, the Son (cf. But if Jesus expected him to understand his reference to living water, it follows that he was not teaching the doctrine that water baptism is necessary for salvation. Publish Date: Jul 20, 2016. Against Oneness Pentecostalism: An Exegetical-Theological Critique. the Father (in the vocative case, Pater. The proper mode is immersion in the triune name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Virtually all of the great biblical scholars, theologians, and Greek grammarians, historically have been and presently are Trinitarian, not Onenessfor obvious reasons. In Revelation 5:13, the Lamb and the Father are presented as two distinct objects of divine worship, as they are clearly differentiated by the repetition of the article t: To Him who sits (t kathmen [lit.